DCLP Transcription [xml]
Introduction
Fragments of a medical treatise concerning the definition of health and disease. Hippocrates is adduced as an authority in col. 3, where quotations from Nat.hom. 4 and Morb. 1.2 occur, while a short aphorism from Art. 8 is inserted in col. 2.9-10. For the role of the papyrus in the history of the textual tradition of Hippocrates see Jouanna 1971 and Jouanna 1975. The anonymous author seems to consider the treatises Nat.hom. and Morb. 1 on the same level. These choices point to a form of Hippocraticism different from that of Galen (who assigns a privileged role to Nat.hom. within the Hippocratic Corpus), The treatise confirms that prior to Galen the theory of three levels in the human body had already been much used to re-intepret the humoral physiology traditionally identified with Hippocrates (cf. Kollesch 1978; Marganne 1981; Manetti 1996). Actually the papyrus talks of four levels in the composition of the human body, because the anonymous author adds pneuma (col. 2.1-2). Fr. A (13.5x12 cm) and Fr. E (3.4x8.3 cm) are the results of the joining of five large pieces of papyrus, and preserve the remains of 4 columns. A kollesis probably occurs in Fr. A about 11.3 cm from the left-hand edge and about 2.2 cm from the right-hand edge. The surviving top margin is 2.5 cm. The reconstructed column is about 8.5 cm high, and suggests an average of 21 letters to each line. No lectional signs are in evidence (except for a diaeresis on υ) and no iota adscript is visible. The informal but practised literary hand is characterized by a contrast between broad and narrow letters. On the back of Fr. E there are scanty traces in a different hand.
(This papyrus has been digitally edited by Andrea Bernini as part of the Project "DIGMEDTEXT - Online Humanities Scholarship: A Digital Medical Library based on Ancient Texts" (ERC-AdG-2013, Grant Agreement no. 339828) funded by the European Research Council at the University of Parma (Principal Investigator: Prof. Isabella Andorlini). The digital edition is mostly based on the previous editions (ed.pr. = J. Jouanna, ZPE 8, 1971, 147-160; ed.alt. = J. Jouanna, Estratto provvisorio del Corpus dei papiri greci di medicina, 34-42; ed.ter. = D. Manetti - J. Jouanna, GMP I 7)
col 1
[ -ca.?- ] ̣ κεχ̣ω̣[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ]ω̣τω ̣[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣(*)ε ̣(*)[ -ca.?- ]
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
κ̣αὶ τῶ[ν] τρίτων· ἡ μὲν διαμονὴ
τ̣ῆ̣[ς φυσι]κῆς κράσεως ὑγεῖα ἐστίν,
ἡ̣ δὲ τ̣ρ̣οπ[ὴ] καὶ μεταβολὴ νόσος.
5[ ̣ ̣ ̣]ω̣(*) γὰρ ἄλλης̣ κράσεως κατα-
[ -4-5- ] ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣]ω̣ ̣[- ca.5 -] ̣ς̣ καὶ τῷ̣ μὲν
[ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣(*)ξηρ̣ῷ ἄ̣γαν τῷ δὲ ὑγρῷ̣ καὶ
[ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣[ -1-2- ]ω̣(*) θερμῷ σφόδρα τινὶ δὲ
[ ̣ ̣] ̣ρ ̣(*) ̣ αυτ̣ης̣ ̣(*) ̣ ̣(*) ̣ φ̣ύ̣σιες
10[φυ]σ̣έων μέγ̣α δ̣ι̣[α]φέ̣ρουσιν̣ ̣(*)
[τὴ]ν εὐκρασί̣αν στ̣[οιχ]είων ει
[- ca.11 -] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ησ ̣ ̣ ̣ε̣
[- ca.12 -] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣
[ -ca.?- ]
15[- ca.12 -φυ]σικῆς κρά-
[σεως- ca.10 -] ̣ εἰ μὲν γὰρ
[- ca.13 -]ε̣κ̣εκρατο
[- ca.13 -]α̣ πρῶτα κα-
[- ca.11 - ̣ ̣] ̣ι ̣εν(*) ἐπεὶ δὲ
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
θρ[ώπου -ca.?- τὸ σῶμα]
το[ῦ ἀνθρώπου ἔχει ἐν ἑωυτῷ]
αἷμ̣[α κ]α[ὶ φλέγμα καὶ χολὴν]
ξα[νθή]ν τε καὶ̣ [μέλαιναν καὶ]
5τα[ῦτ' ἐστ]ὶ̣[ν αὐ]τ̣ῷ̣ [ἡ φύσις τοῦ]
[σ]ώ̣μ̣α̣τ̣ο̣[ς καὶ] δι⌞ὰ̣ τ̣α⌟̣[ῦτα ἀλγέ-]
ει καὶ ὑγι̣αίνει. ὑ[γιαίνει μὲν]
μάλιστα [ὁ]κότ[αν μετρίως ἔ-]
χῃ ταῦτα [τῆς] π̣[ρὸς ἄλληλα]
10δυ̣νάμεω[ς κ]α̣[ὶ τοῦ πλήθεος,]
καὶ̣ μάλισ[τα μεμιγμένα]
11bis,ms ̣
ᾖ̣· ἀλγέει δ' [ὁκό]τ̣[αν τι τουτέ-]
[ω]ν ἔλασσον̣ [ἢ] π̣[λ]εῖο̣ν ᾖ [ἢ κε-]
χ̣ω̣ρισμένον ᾖ ἐν τῷ̣ σ̣ώ[ματι]
15[κα]ὶ̣ μὴ κεκρημένον ᾖ τοῖ̣⌞σ̣⌟[ι]
ξ̣ύ̣μπασι̣ν. καὶ̣ ἐ̣ν τῷ πρώ[τῳ]
[π]ε̣ρ[ὶ] νούσων̣ ὅταν̣ λ̣έγ̣[ῃ· αἱ]
[νο]ῦσοι γί̣γ̣ν̣ο̣ν̣[ται ἡ]μῖ̣[ν ἅπα-]
[σα]ι τῶν μὲν̣ ἐ̣[ν τῷ σώματι -ca.?- ]
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1[ -ca.?- ]εικ̣αι[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ]β̣αλ ̣[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣ ̣ανε̣ι̣[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣ ̣ερ̣(*)[ -ca.?- ]
5[ -ca.?- ] ̣[ ̣ ̣ ? ̣ ̣] ̣(*)α ̣(*)[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣ ̣α̣ι̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣ ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣] ̣[ ̣]κ̣ηκεν ̣(*)[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣[ ̣]ε̣ι̣δε̣ναι θερμ[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ν̣(*) ̣ο̣(*)ιπ̣(*)[ -ca.?- ]
10[ -ca.?- ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣αι υ̣(*)[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣π̣ολλ̣[ ̣ ̣]την[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- -ca.?- ] -1-2- η̣τι(*) υ(*)γ̣[ -ca.?- ](*)
[ -ca.?- ] ̣[ ̣ ̣]ν̣η υ(*)πε[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣[ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣τεκα[ -ca.?- ]
15[ -ca.?- ] ̣λ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣αμ̣[ -ca.?- ]
[ -ca.?- ] ̣[ ̣ ̣ ? ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣[ -ca.?- ]
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Apparatus
^ a.1.4. or τ̣ (or γ̣)
^ a.1.4. or α (or λ)
^ a.2.5. or [ἄλλ]ῳ̣
^ a.2.7. or [ὄν]τ̣ι̣
^ a.2.8. or [μὴ]ν̣ ἄ̣[λλ]ῳ̣
^ a.2.9. or [ψυ]χ̣ρ̣ῷ̣
^ a.2.9. or α̣
^ a.2.9. or ψ̣, or ρ̣, or ἔ̣φ̣η̣
^ a.2.10. or ω
^ a.2.19. or [ ̣ ̣]ε̣ιλ̣εν (or [ἂν] ε̣ἴχ̣εν)
^ e.4. or μ (or ν), or τ (or γ), or ν̣ σ̣τ̣ερ̣
^ e.5. or ν
^ e.5. or ι (or ν)
^ e.7. or ω (or α)
^ e.9. or ω
^ e.9. or ν
^ e.9. or τ
^ e.10. ϋ[ -ca.?- ] papyrus
^ e.12. or [ -ca.?- ]γ̣η̣τι (or [ -ca.?- ]τ̣η̣τι)
^ e.12. or ὑγ̣[ιὲς], or ὑγ̣[εία], or ὑγ̣[ιαίνω] : ϋγ̣[ -ca.?- ] papyrus
^ e.13. ϋπε[ -ca.?- ] papyrus
Notes
- 1-2.
For the inner division of the human bodies into three levels see e.g. Aristot. PA II 1. 646a.12; Gal. Quod optimus medicus I 60.2 ff. K; Ps.Gal. Introd. (XIV 727.10 ff. K). διαμονή is used by Aristoteles and Theophrastus, and occurs frequently from 1st cent. AD onward.
- 2-4.
Health is regarded as an overall stability within the ‘natural mixture’. φυσικὴ κρᾶσις is common in the Hippocratic commentaries by Galen to list the variable factors one has to take account of in prognosis or diagnosis, together with season, age, habit etc. τροπὴ καὶ μεταβολή occur in texts from the early imperial age onward and are synonymous in Gal. Syn.libr.de puls. 9.518.3 K and De diebus decr. 9. 785.9 K.
- 6-9.
These lines seem to focus on elementary qualities. The Ionic form φ̣ύ̣σιες (l. 9) suggests a quotation from a physician who writes Ionic dialect.
- 9-10.
Cf. Hipp. Art. 8. This Hippocratic sentence usually refers to a strictly surgical context, such as in Fract. 35 μελέται γὰρ μελετέων μέγα διαφέρουσι, καὶ φύσιες φυσίων εἰς εὐφορίην, while here it is inserted into a general passage on health and disease.
- 11.
The author is talking here of a good mixture of the stoicheia. The eukrasia of the ‘first elements’ in the papyrus is related to heat, cold, dryness and moisture. The perception of Hippocrates the author of the papyrus treatise holds has closer affinities to those of Galen than to the Pneumatic doctrine.
- 15.
Perhaps the author is introducing here the Hippocratic quotations preserved in the following column (Nat. hom. 4 and Morb. 1.2). The Hippocratic quotations are likely to have been used to support the author's theory on ‘natural mixture’ and also on health and disease as the balance/unbalance between different components of the human body.
- 1-16.
Quotation from Hipp. Nat. hom. 4
- 17-19.
Quotation from Hipp. Morb. I 2